Central treaty organization cento, formerly middle east treaty organization, or baghdad pact organization, mutual security organization dating from 1955 to 1979 and composed of turkey, iran, pakistan, and the united kingdom. The central treaty organization cento, originally known as the baghdad pact or the middle east treaty organization meto was formed in 1955 by iran, iraq, pakistan, turkey, and the united kingdom. A military agreement is signed between iraq and turkey, and the term baghdad pact begins to be used. The central treaty organization cento the baghdad pact. The central treaty organization, originally known as the baghdad pact or the middle east treaty organization was formed in 1955 by iran, iraq, pakistan, turkey, and the united kingdom. Pact of mutual cooperation between the kingdom of iraq, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran baghdad pact, february 24, 1955. Contents syrian arab republic princeton university. He there stated that iraq was ready to enter a pact which had been signed between turkey and pakistan the preceding april. A military agreement was signed between iraq and turkey, and the term baghdad pact started to be used. It studies turkeys relations with her arab neighbours, syria and iraq, and, to a lesser extent, with the other arab states of the middle east, in particular egypt, lebanon and jordan, during the period of the formulation and the eventual collapse of the baghdad pact. United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and turkey exchange of notes constituting an agreement terminating the pact of mutual cooperation signed at baghdad on 24 february 1955 and the agreement on the status of the central treaty organization, national represen tatives and international staff signed at ankara on.
It was formed in 1955 by iran, iraq, pakistan, turkey and the united kingdom and dissolved in 1979 us pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, but the united states. Pdf the aim of this article is to address the impact of the baghdad pact and the angloamerican defense system and its collapse on the. Britain hoped that syria and jordan would complete the arc of. Western alliance called the baghdad pact, which united turkey, iraq, pakistan, and iran with the west against the soviet union and its allies. Baghdad pact central treaty organization cento the baghdad pact was a defensive organization for promoting shared political, military and economic goals founded in 1955 by turkey, iraq, great. At the height of the cold war, the middle east, with strategic bases bordering the soviet union, vital communications links, and significant oil wealth, represented a valuable region for western interests. Representatives were present from the five member countriesturkey, iraq, iran, pakistan and the united kingdomand the united states. Baghdad pact international organization cambridge core. Us pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, but the united states could not initially participate. Us pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the. Turkey signs a pact of mutual cooperation with pakistan. Council the ministerial council of the baghdad pact held its second session in teheran from april 16 to 19, 1956.
The baghdad pact military history and policy 9780415654401. Baghdad pact 1955 a treaty supported by the west that united the defenses of iraq, turkey, pakistan, and iran, to counter the threat of the expansion of the soviet union. It is iraqs largest city and one of the most populous urban agglomerations of the middle east. The pact has enabled the both countries to come closer. Iraq, turkey, iran and pakistan, in 1955, has been. Baghdad pact article about baghdad pact by the free. The creation of the baghdad pact, a regional defence organization linking britain to.
The new republican regime of iraq withdraws the country from the alliance. The baghdad pact was created in 1955 by britain, iraq, turkey, iran and pakistan with the aim of strengthening regional defence and preventing the infiltration of the soviet union into the middle east. The city was founded in 762 as the capital of the abbasid dynasty of caliphs, and for the next 500 years it was the most significant cultural center of arab and islamic civilization. Arab rejection of the western backed regional defense concept against russian encroachment from the north caused the pact to eventuate into a northern tier grouping of turkey, iran, and pakistan along with great britain into what is known now as the central treaty organization cento. The central treaty organization cento, originally known as the baghdad pact or the middle east treaty organization meto, was a military alliance of the cold war. By examining the baghdad pact, which spearheaded american policy in the region in the 1950s, reveals much about u. Furthermore, pakistan, turkey and iran, already tied together through culture. Mandares and sami alsolh, and issuing the ankara and beirut declarations. The question today is whether a pact of modernised democratic arab states that the bush administration is hoping to form will be more successful than its predecessor of half a century ago. It also touches upon turkeys changing attitude towards israel and the. Iran, pakistan, and the united kingdom join the baghdad pact. The cooperation between member states aimed at maintaining security and improving defense capabilities. Its scope is the genesis of that doctrine as it related to turkey and how it worked in that coun try up to the signing of the baghdad pact in 1955.
Pact of mutual cooperation between the kingdom of iraq, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran baghdad pact, february 24, 19551 author. The resulting security organization, officially instituted 15 april 1955, was called the middle east treaty organization. Turkey and iraq are founding initiators who laid the foundation of the baghdad pact for mutual defense. Different foci in their extended foreign relations, however, did not preclude iraq and turkey from cooperating in common areas of interest. The baghdad pact emerged in this atmosphere, with arab countries and turkey going different directions. Until march 1959 the organization was known as the middle east treaty organization, included iraq, and had its headquarters in baghdad.
Pakistan turkey relations in a historical perspective. Central treaty organization project gutenberg self. Representatives were present from the five member countries turkey, iraq, iran, pakistan and the united kingdomand the united states was represented by an observer delegation. The new republican regime of iraq withdrew the country from the alliance. The baghdad pact 1955 and the central treaty organization. Baghdad pact, popular name for the 1955 prowestern defense alliance between turkey, iraq, iran, pakistan, and the united kingdom. Although he probably can invest only limited resources in his new project, bearing in mind russias severe economic difficulties and the steady decline of its military capabilities, putin is bent on trying to establish a russian sponsored new version of the old baghdad pact as the core anchor of the emerging middle east. Defending the middle east was the surface argument presented to iraq and the other signatories of the pact, yet defense can be understood in various ways. What was the aim of baghdad pact and its impacts on turkeys\ud middle east policy.
Baghdad pact february 1955 treaty signed initially by iraq and turkey mutual from hist 123 at hudson valley community college. While demonstrating turkey regional engagements within the saadabad pact of 1937, the baghdad pact of 1955, as well as the 1958 phantom pact, the. Cento baghdad pact central treaty organization cento earlier middle east treaty organization, or baghdad pact organization mutual security organization dating from 1955 to 1979 and contained of turkey, iran, pakistan, iraq and the britain. The baghdad pact is the evidence of the cooperation between two countries. The aim of this essay, is to analyze and discuss the baghdad pact, its impacts on the\ud turkish middle east policy and turkeyamerican relationships. Turkey iraq iran pakistan baghdad pact criticized nasser egypt syria saudi arabia. Turkisharab differences became more manifest vvith the establishment of the baghdad pact in 1955 by vvhich turkey and most. In early 1957 iraq advised egypt and syria against a conceivable takeover of jordan. In 1955, great britain still aspiring to exercise dominant influence in its former empire enlisted turkey, iran, pakistan, iraq and jordan into what was planned to become a solid alliance that would cement the links between. The council of the baghdad pact held its annual meeting in karachi from june 3 through 6, 1957.
Kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran baghdad pact, february 24, 1955 whereas the friendly and brotherly relations existing between iraq and turkey are in constant progress, and in order to complement the contents of the treaty of friendship and good. The baghdad pact eventually represented an adaptation of the nothern tier in which britain was the leading country. The united states observer delegation was headed by deputy under secretary of state loy henderson. Pact of mutual cooperation between the kingdom of iraq, the republic of turkey, the united kingdom, the dominion of pakistan, and the kingdom of iran. Russian sponsored new version of the old baghdad pact as the core anchor of the emerging middle east. The baghdad pact created by britain iraq turkey iran and.
In the first place, turkey was unpopular in the arab world for having recognized israel. The baghdad pact was a defensive organization for promoting shared political, military and economic goals founded in 1955 by turkey, iraq, great britain. The baghdad pact was a defensive organization for promoting shared political, military and economic goals founded in 1955 by turkey, iraq, great britain, pakistan and iran. Genesis of the truman doctrine on the afternoon of friday. Similar to the north atlantic treaty organization and the southeast asia treaty organization, the main purpose of the baghdad pact was to prevent communist incursions and. Turkey and iraq laid the foundation of the baghdad pact, signing a pct of mutual cooperation for security and defense in february 1955 in the iraqi capital.
Henderson, was reported to emphasize the importance attached by the united states to the pact, and to have been a direct response to diplomatic. Baghdad pact february 1955 treaty signed initially by iraq. The central treaty organization cento, originally known as the baghdad pact or the middle east treaty organization meto, was formed in 1955 by iran, iraq, pakistan, turkey and the united kingdom. What was the aim of baghdad pact and its impacts on turkey. The baghdad pact was created in 1955 by britain, iraq, turkey, iran and pakistan with the aim of strengthening regional defence and preventing the. The aim of this article is to address the impact of the baghdad pact and the angloamerican defense system and its collapse on the turkishisraeli relationship from 1954 to 1958, a. The baghdad pact is also know under the more correct term of central treaty organization cento, which was the term used after iraq left in 1959. It was formed in 1955 by iran, iraq, pakistan, turkey and the united kingdom and dissolved in 1979. Turkey signed a pact of mutual cooperation with pakistan.
The announcement of its friendship with turkey, leader of the baghdad pact, and the exchange of visits between the two presidents of the republic and prime ministers, messrs. Whereas the friendly and brotherly relations existing between iraq and turkey are in constant progress, and in order to complement the contents of the treaty of friendship and good. Middle east transportation project ica chron file, april 1958 12 jet aircraft for lebanon and jordan. The year 1955 was dominated by news of the baghdad pact in turkey, with the progovernment press and radio competing to cover every statement by. Genesis of the truman doctrine on the afternoon of friday, february.
Various shots of arrival of turkish airforce plane carrying mohammed eyup hkan, chief of the pakistan headquarters, to esenboga airport. Inspired by egypts opposition to iraqs membership in the britishled baghdad pact and by longstanding public unrest, in 1958 a revolt led by general abdul karim qasim overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. An discussion of the origins and political setting of the baghdad pact part 2. In november 1956 syria signed a pact with the soviet union, providing a foothold for.
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